Registered users can browse and post tweets, but those UN agency area unit unregistered will solely browse them. Users access Twitter through the website interface, SMS or mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco and has over twenty five offices round the world.
Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Evan Williams, Biz Stone, and Noah Glass and launched in July 2006. The service rapidly gained worldwide quality, with more than a hundred million users posting 340 million tweets each day in 2012. The service also handled one.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, Twitter was one of the tenmost-visited websites and has been described as "the SMS of the Internet". As of May 2015, Twitter has more than five hundred million users, out of which additional than 332 million area unit active.
History
Creation and initial reaction
Twitter's origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session" command by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then an undergrad student at New royal family University, introduced the idea of a private exploitation associate degree SMS service to speak with atiny low cluster. The original project code name for the service was twttr, an plan that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr and the five-character length of yankee SMS short codes. The decision was additionally partially because of the very fact that domain twitter.com was already in use, and it was six months after the launch of twttr that the crew purchased the domain and adjusted the name of the service to Twitter. The developers initially thought of "10958" as a short code, but later modified it to "40404" for "ease of use and memorability".] Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey printed the 1st Twitter message at 9:50 PM Pacific local time (PST): "just fitting my twttr".[1] Dorsey has explained the origin of the "Twitter" title:...we came across the word 'twitter', and it was just good. The definition was 'a short burst of inconsequential information,' and 'chirps from birds'. And that's specifically what the merchandise was.
The first Twitter paradigm, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for Odeo staff and also the full version was introduced publically on July fifteen, 2006.
In October 2006, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other members of Odeo shaped Obvious Corporation and nonheritable Odeo, together with its assets—including Odeo.com and Twitter.com—from the investors and shareholders. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his half in Twitter's startup till 2011. Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early amount in a very 2013 interview:
With Twitter, it wasn't clear what it was. They called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was exhausting to outline, because it did not replace something. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it's. Twitter actually modified from what we have a tendency to thought it was within the starting, which we have a tendency to delineated as standing updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we have a tendency to eventually came to was Twitter was very additional of Associate in Nursing info network than it is a social network
The tipping point for Twitter's quality was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive (SXSWi) conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from twenty,000 tweets per day to 60,000. "The Twitter people smartly placed 2 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages," remarked Newsweek's Steven Levy. "Hundreds of conference-goers kept tabs on every different via constant twitters. Panelists and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers present touted it.
Reaction at the conference was highly positive. Blogger Scott Beale said that Twitter was "absolutely ruling" SXSWi. Social software investigator danah boyd same Twitter was "owning" the conference. Twitter staff received the festival's net Award prize with the remark "we'd like to many thanks in one hundred forty characters or less. And we simply did!"[
The first unassisted off-Earth Twitter message was announce from the International artificial satellite by independent agency traveler T. J. Creamer on Jan twenty two, 2010. By late November 2010, an average of a dozen updates per day were announce on the astronauts' communal account, @NASA_Astronauts. NASA has additionally hosted over 25"tweetups", events that provide guests with very important person access to independent agency facilities and speakers with the goal of leverage participants' social networks to any the reaching goals of independent agency.
In August 2010, the company appointed Adam Bain from News Corp.'s Fox Audience Network as president of revenue.
Alexa Rank
Leadership
As chief executive officer, Dorsey saw the startup through two rounds of capital funding by the venture capitalists World Health Organization backed the company. On October sixteen, 2008, Williams took over the role of CEO, and Dorsey became chairman of the board. On October four, 2010, Williams announced that he was stepping down as chief operating officer. Dick Costolo, formerly Twitter's chief operative officer, became CEO. On October four, 2010, Williams made Associate in Nursing announcement spoken communication that he can keep with the corporate and "be fully centered on product strategy". According to The ny Times, "Mr. Dorsey and Mr. Costolo forged a shut relationship" once Williams was away. According to PC Magazine, Williams was "no longer involved in the regular goings on at the company". He was focused on developing a new startup, and became a member of Twitter's board of directors, and promised to "help in any approach I can". In 2011, Stone was still with Twitter but was operating with AOL as associate degree "advisor on volunteer efforts and philanthropy". In January 2014 Stone proclaimed the unleash of Jelly, a 'social Q&A network for mobile'. Dorsey rejoined Twitter in March 2011, as executive chairman focusing on development. At that time he split his schedule with Square (where he's CEO), whose offices are at intervals walking distance of Twitter's in San Francisco.In September 2011, board members and investors Fred Wilson and Bijan Sabet resigned from Twitter's Board of Directors. In October 2012, Twitter announced it had employed former Google govt Matt Derella to become their new director of business agency development. Twitter named former Goldman Sachs govt Anthony Noto as the company's CFO in Gregorian calendar month 2014, with an "annual remuneration of $250,000 and one-time restricted stock options of one.5 million shares ... valued at $61.5 million". On June 10, 2015, Twitter announced its business executive Dick Costolo would resign on Gregorian calendar month one, 2015. Noto was said to be thought-about a potential replacement for outgoing business executive Costolo. On October fourteen, 2015, former Google chief business officer Omid Kordestani became executive chairman, replacing Dorsey United Nations agency remains business executive. On January twenty six, 2016, Leslie Berland, former executive vice president of worldwide advertising, marketing, and digital partnerships at American categorical, was named chief marketing officer.
Technology
Implementation
Twitter places great reliance on ASCII text file package. The Twitter Web interface uses the Ruby on Rails framework, deployed on a performance enhanced Ruby Enterprise Edition implementation of Ruby.In the youth of Twitter, tweets were stored in MySQL databases that were temporally sharded (large databases were split based mostly on time of posting). After the immense volume of tweets coming back in caused issues reading from and writing to those databases, the company decided that the system required re-engineering.
As of April half dozen, 2011, Twitter engineers confirmed they had switched off from their Ruby on Rails search stack, to a Java server they call liquidiser.
From Spring 2007 to 2008 the messages were handled by a Ruby persistent queue server known as oscine bird. but since 2009 implementation has been step by step replaced with package written in Scala. The switch from Ruby to Scala and the JVM has given Twitter a performance boost from 200–300 requests per second per host to around 10,000–20,000 requests per second per host. This boost was greater than the 10x improvement that Twitter's engineers pictured once beginning the switch. The continued development of Twitter has additionally concerned a switch from monolithic development of a single app to Associate in Nursing design wherever totally different services square measure designed severally and joined through remote procedure calls.
Individual tweets are registered below distinctive IDs exploitation software package known as snowflake, and geolocation data is adscititious exploitation 'Rockdove'. The URL shortner t.co then checks for a spam link and shortens the URL. Next, the tweets are hold on in a MySQL information exploitation ventriculus, and the user receives acknowledgement that the tweets were sent. Tweets are then sent to search engines via the Firehose API. The process itself is managed by FlockDB and takes a mean of 350 ms.
On August 16, 2013, Twitter's Vice President of Platform Engineering Raffi Krikorian shared in an exceedingly blog post that the company's infrastructure handled nearly 143,000 tweets per second during that week, setting a new record. Krikorian explained that Twitter achieved this record by blending its native and open supply technologies.
The service's application programming interface (API) allows different net services and applications to integrate with Twitter. The great example of such integration is Great Britain start-up CityFALCON, that aims to provide tiny and medium investors with monetary info. CityFALCON gathers all tweets on financial topic, filters them out (excluding irrelevant news, violent language and spam) and sort out by asser tickers per its own algorithmic program.
Interface
On April thirty, 2009, Twitter adjusted its web interface, adding a search bar and a sidebar of "trending topics"—the most typical phrases appearing in messages. Biz Stone explains that all messages square measure instantly indexed which "with this recently launched feature, Twitter has become something unexpectedly vital – a discovery engine for finding out what's happening straight away.In March 2012, Twitter became available in Arabic, Farsi, Hebrew and Urdu, the first right-to-left language versions of the location. About 13,000 volunteers helped with translating the menu options. In August 2012, beta support for Basque, Czech and Greek was added, making the website accessible in thirty three totally different languages.
Society
Issues and controversies
Twitter has been used for a variety of functions in several industries and situations. For example, it has been accustomed organize protests, sometimes referred to as "Twitter Revolutions", which embrace the 2011 Egyptian revolution, 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, 2009–2010 Iranian election protests, and 2009 Moldova civil unrest.The systematic literature review by Buettner & Buettner analyzed the role of Twitter throughout a wide vary of revolutions and different social movements (2007 WikiLeaks, 2009 Moldova, 2009 Austria student protest, 2009 Israel-Gaza, 2009 Iran inexperienced revolution, 2009 Toronto G20, 2010 Venezuela, 2010 Germany Stuttgart21, 2011 Egypt, 2011 England, 2011 US Occupy movement, 2011 Spain Indignados, 2011 Greece Aganaktismenoi movements, 2011 Italy, 2011 Wisconsin labor protests, 2012 Israel Hamas, 2013 Brazil Vinegar, 2013 Turkey).
The governments of Iran and Egypt blocked the service in return. The Hill on February twenty eight, 2011 described Twitter and different social media as a "strategic weapon ... which have the apparent ability to re-align the social order in real time, with little or no advanced [sic] warning". During the Arab Spring in early 2011, the number of hashtags mentioning the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt hyperbolic. A study by the Dubai faculty of Government found that solely zero.26% of the Egyptian population, 0.1% of the Tunisian population and zero.04% of the Syrian population are active on Twitter.
The service is also used as a variety of civil disobedience: in 2010, users expressed outrage over the Twitter Joke Trial by making obvious jokes concerning terrorism; and within the British privacy injunction discussion in the same country a year later, where many celebrities World Health Organization had taken out anonymised injunctions, most notably theManchester United player Ryan Giggs, were identified by thousands of users in protest to ancient journalism being censored .
Another, more real time Associate in Nursingd sensible use for Twitter exists as an effective de facto emergency communication system for breaking news. It was neither intended nor designed for top performance communication, but the plan that it might be used for emergency communication definitely wasn't lost on the originators, who knew that the service might have wide-reaching effects early on once the San Francisco company used it to speak throughout earthquakes. The capital of Massachusetts Policetweeted news of the arrest of Boston Marathon bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Another practical use that is being studied is Twitter's ability to trace epidemics and the way they unfold additionally, Twitter has acted as a sensor for automatic response to natural disasters such as bush fires.
Twitter has been used by Somalia's al-Shabaab rebels, who had their accounts suspended when they used the website to assert responsibility for Associate in Nursing attack on the Westgate shopping precinct in capital of Kenya in Sep 2013. The Islamic State of Irak and the Levant (ISIL) has conjointly used the service: in January 2016, Twitter was sued by the widow of a U.S. man killed in the Amman shooting attack, claiming that allowing ISIL to use the platform recognised the provision of fabric support of a political movement, which is black below U.S. federal law. Twitter disputed the claim, stating that "violent threats and the promotion of terrorism merit no place on Twitter and, like other social networks, our rules make that clear." The Electronic Frontier Foundation believed that Twitter could be protected below Section 230 safe harbors, which dictate that the operators of associate "interactive pc service" square measure not to blame for content revealed by others.
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